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ISO/IEC 7185 defines an error as follows:

A violation by a program of the requirements of this International Standard that a processor is permitted to leave undetected.

ISO/IEC 7185 then goes on to add the following two notes:

1. If it is possible to construct a program in which the violation or non-violation of this International Standard requires knowledge of the data read by the program or the implementation definition of implementation-defined features, then violation of that requirement is classified as an error. Processors may report on such violations of the requirement without such knowledge, but there are always remain some cases that require execution, simulated execution, or proof procedures with the required knowledge. Requirements that can be verified without such knowledge are not classified as errors.
2. Processors should attempt the detection of as many errors as possible, and to as complete a degree as possible. Permission to omit detection is provided for implementations in which the detection would be an excessive burden.

• Array index out of bounds
• Accessing inactive variant
• Dereferencing nil pointers
• Dereferencing undefined pointers
• Dangling pointers
• Altering file-variables
• Using out-of-range value parameters
• Using out-of-range set value parameters
• Output to file not open for writing
• Output to undefined file
• Writing to middle of file
• Using Put on undefined buffer-variables
• Resetting undefined files
• Input from file not open for reading
• Input from undefined file
• Reading past end-of-file
• Reading out of range values
• Writing out of range values
• new(p, c1..cN) constraints violated
• Incompatible use of dispose(p)
• Incompatible use of dispose(p, k1..kM)
• dispose(p, k1..kM) constraint violations
• disposing nil pointer
• disposing undefined pointer
• new(p, c1..cM) constraint violated
• Invalid use of pack (1)
• Invalid use of pack (2)
• Invalid use of pack (3)
• Invalid use of unpack (1)
• Invalid use of unpack (2)
• Invalid use of unpack (3)
• Square of large numbers
• ln(x) and x is less than or equal to 0
• Square root of negative number
• Problems with trunc
• Problems with round
• Problems with chr
• Problems with succ
• Problems with pred
• Using eof on undefined files
• Using eoln on undefined files
• Using eoln at end-of-file
• Using undefined variables
• Real division by zero
• Integer division by zero
• Modulus of zero or negative
• Integer overflow/underflow
• Returning undefined value from function
• Assigning out of range ordinal values
• Assigning out of range set values
• Non-matching case index
• For loops initial value out of range
• For loops final value out of range
• Reading invalid integer values
• Reading out of range integer values
• Reading invalid numeric values
• Reading when file is not open
• Writing with TotalWidth or FracDigits less than one
• Problems with program-parameters
• Problems with conformant arrays